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Louis IX     Born: 25 April 1214, Poissy, FRANCE Died: 25 Aug 1270 (aged 56), Tunis, NORTH AFRICA                    Father:  King Louis VIII of France Mother:  Blanche of Castile Spouse:  Marguerite of Provence Reign: 8 Nov 1226 – 25 Aug 1270 Predecessor: King Louis VIII of France Successor: King Philip III of France Royal House: House of Capet     Louis was born in 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of King Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile.  A member of the House of Capet, Louis was twelve years old when his father died on November 8, 1226. He was crowned king within the month at the Reims cathedral. Because of Louis' age, his mother ruled France as regent during his youth. No date is given for the beginning of Louis's personal rule. His contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, though historians generally view the year 1234 as the year in which Louis began ruling personally, with his mother assuming a more advisory role. She continued as an important counselor to the king until her death in 1252.   The young King Louis IX frees prisoners   Louis's piety and kindness towards the poor was much celebrated.   When he was 15, Louis' mother brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade in 1229 after signing an agreement with Count Raymond VII of Toulouse that cleared his father of wrong-doing. Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of murdering a preacher on a mission to convert the Cathars.   On May 27, 1234 Louis married Marguerite of Provence (1221 – December 21, 1295), whose sister Eleanor was the wife of Henry III of England.   Contemporaries would not have understood if the king of France did not lead a crusade to the Holy Land. In order to finance his first crusade Louis ordered the expulsion of all Jews engaged in usury and the confiscation of their property, for use in his crusade. However, he did not cancel the debts owed by Christians. One-third of the debts was forgiven, but the other two-thirds was to be remitted to the royal treasury. Louis also ordered, at the urging of Pope Gregory IX, the burning in Paris in 1243 of some 12,000 manuscript copies of the Talmud and other Jewish books.   In addition to Louis's legislation against Jews and usury, he expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. The rate of these confiscations reached its highest levels in the years prior to his first crusade, and slowed upon his return to France in 1254.   He went on two crusades, in his mid-30s in 1248 (Seventh Crusade) and then again in his mid-50s in 1270 (Eighth Crusade). Both were complete disasters; after initial success in his first attempt, Louis's army of 15,000 men was met by overwhelming resistance from the Egyptian army and people.   He had begun with the rapid capture of the port of Damietta in June 1249, an attack which did cause some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan was on his deathbed. But the march from Damietta towards Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly.   (Left) Louis feeds the poor (Right) Louis receives a blessing from the Archbishop prior to his leaving for the Crusades        During this time, the Ayyubid sultan died, and a sudden power shift took place, as the sultan's slave wife Shajar al-Durr set events in motion which were to make her Queen, and eventually place the Egyptians' slave army of the Mamluks in power.   On April 6, 1250 Louis lost his army at the Battle of Fariskur and was captured by the Egyptians. Louis held prisoner   His release was eventually negotiated, in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (at the time France's annual revenue was only about 250,000 livres tournois, so it was necessary to obtain a loan from the Templars), and the surrender of the city of Damietta.           Following his release from Egyptian captivity, Louis spent four years in the crusader Kingdoms of Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffe. Louis used his wealth to assist the crusaders in rebuilding their defenses and conducting diplomacy with the Islamic powers of Syria and Egypt. Upon his departure from the Middle East, Louis left a significant garrison in the city of Acre for its defense against Islamic attacks. The historic presence of this French garrison in the Middle East was later used as a justification for the French Mandate following the end of the First World War.   Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export and by the marriage of the king's daughters and female relatives to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis most likely ordered the production of the Morgan Bible, a masterpiece of medieval painting.   Louis ruled during the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", when the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. The king of France was regarded as a “primus inter pares” among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded the largest army, and ruled the largest and most wealthy kingdom of Europe, a kingdom which was the European center of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The prestige and respect felt in Europe for King Louis IX was due more to the attraction that his benevolent personality created rather than to military domination.   King Louis IX was the quintessential example of the Christian prince, reinforced by his religious zeal, and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation of saintliness and fairness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in the quarrels opposing the rulers of Europe.   Louis was a devout Catholic, and he built the “Sainte-Chapelle”  ("Holy Chapel"), located within the royal palace complex in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle was erected as a shrine for the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross, precious relics of the Passion of Jesus. Louis purchased these in 1239–41 for the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres (the chapel, on the other hand, cost only 60,000 livres to build). The purchase contributed greatly to reinforcing the central position of the king of France in western Christendom, as well as to increasing the renown of Paris, then the largest city of western Europe. During a time when cities and rulers vied for relics, trying to increase their reputation and fame, Louis IX had succeeded in securing the most prized of all relics in his capital. The purchase was thus not only an act of devotion, but also a political gesture: the French monarchy was trying to establish the kingdom of France as the "new Jerusalem”.     Children of King Louis IX and Marguerite of Provence Name Birth Date Death Date Spouse Isabelle Queen of Navarre 02 Mar 1241 17 Apr 1271 Theobald II of Navarre Louis 25 Feb 1244 Jan 1260 (Age 15)   King Philip III of France 30 Apr 1245 05 Oct 1285 (1) Isabella of Aragon (2) Maria of Brabant Jean Tristan Count of Valois       Peter/Pierre Count of Perche & Alençon       Blanche of France 1253 1323 Ferdinand de la Cerda Infante of Castile Marguerite Duchess of Brabant       Robert Count of Clermont 1256 07 Feb 1317 Beatrice of Burgundy Agnes Duchess of Burgundy 1260 19 Dec 1327 Robert II Duke of Burgundy       During his second crusade, Louis died at Tunis, August 25, 1270, and was succeeded by his son, Philip III. Louis was traditionally believed to have died from bubonic plague but is thought by modern scholars to be dysentery. The Bubonic Plague didn't hit Europe until 1348, so the likelihood of him contracting and ultimately dying from the Bubonic Plague was very slim.     (Below Left) King Louis IX with his young son, Philip III (Below Center) King Louis dies in Tunis on 25 Aug 1270 (Below Right) Statue of Louis IX at the Basilica of Saint Louis in Missouri           (Left) Louis IX painted by El Greco between 1590 - 1600       (Below) King Louis IX of Franceand Marguerite of Provence             Peyrepertuse is a ruined fortress and one of the Cathar castles located high in the French Pyrenees. It stands at 800m high and means Pierced Rock. The castle was built on a strategic location along the French/Spanish border by The kings of Aragon in the 11th Century [lower section] and by Louis lX [higher section] later on. The two castles are linked together by a huge staircase.       "La Sainte Chapelle" was conceived by Louis IX in 1244 and was built in the relatively short period of 4 years. Louis imagined the structure as a kind of gigantic reliquary for the most precious religious relics in all Christendom.                SOURCES:   King Philip III of France http://en.wikipedia.org   ROYAL DESCENT The Lanier Family Connection to the Washington Family The Connection to King Edward I of England http://jimserver.net/genealogy/royal_desc.html   Charlemagne's Descendants to George Washington http://www.kareldegrote.nl/charlemagne/George_Washington.htm   Margaret Butler & Sir Lawrence Washington to King Edward I of England http://www.thepeerage.com/p17991.htm#i179904   The Ancestry of George Washington Sons of Liberty Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution http://www.revolutionarywararchives.org/washancestry.html   Polish History, Heraldry and Genealogy The Lineage of George Washington http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/lineageGW.html   Sampson LANIER & Elizabeth WASHINGTON http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asbellm/genealogy/fam01284.htm         If you have photos or additional information, please contact me.