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Henry III   Born: 01 October 1207, Winchester Castle, ENGLAND Died: 16 November 1272, Westminster, ENGLAND               Father:  King John of England Mother:  Isabella of Angouleme Spouse:  Eleanor of Provence Reign: 18/19 October 1216 – 16 November 1272 Predecessor: King John of England Successor: King Edward I of England Royal House: House of Plantagenet     Henry III, the eldest son of King John and Isabella of Angouleme, was born on 1st October, 1207 at Winchester. He succeeded his unpopular father, at the age of nine, to a kingdom in a state of anarchy. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Ethelred the Unready. Henry was described as being a "pretty little knight" when crowned at the Abbey Church of Gloucester with a circlet belonging to his mother since his father had previously lost the royal treasure in the Wash.  The coronation was a simple affair, attended by only a handful of noblemen and three bishops.  In the absence of a crown a simple golden band was placed on the young boy's head, not by the Archbishop of Canterbury [who was at this time supporting Prince Louis of France, the newly-proclaimed King of England] but rather by the Bishop of Gloucester. On 17 May 1220 at Westminster Abbey, a second coronation was ordered by Pope Honorius III who did not consider that the first had been carried out in accordance with church rites.   His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. England prospered during his century and his greatest monument is Westminster, which he made the seat of his government. In 1244, when the Scots threatened to invade England, King Henry III visited York Castle and ordered it rebuilt in stone. The work commenced in 1245, and took some 20 to 25 years to complete. The builders crowned the existing moat with a stone keep, known as the King's Tower. Henry married Eleanor of Provence and he promoted many of his French relatives to higher positions of power and wealth. When told that St. Edward had dressed austerely, Henry took to doing the same and wearing only the simplest of robes.   He had a mural of the saint painted in his bedchamber for inspiration and he even named his eldest son Edward. Henry designated Westminster, where St Edward had founded the abbey, as the fixed seat of power in England.   Because of his extravagances, when his first child, Prince Edward, was born, he demanded that Londoners bring him rich gifts to celebrate. He even sent back gifts that did not please him.   Known for his anti-Jewish decrees, Henry forced Jews to wear a special "badge of shame" in the form of the Two Tablets of stone that 10 Commandments were written on.  Henry was extremely pious and his journeys were often delayed by his insistence on hearing Mass several times a day.  He took so long to arrive on a visit to the French court that his brother-in-law, King Louis IX of France, banned priests from Henry's route.   Henry's reign came to be marked by civil strife as the English barons, led by Simon de Montfort, demanded more say in the running of the kingdom.  French-born de Montfort had originally been one of the foreign upstarts so loathed by many as Henry's foreign counselors. Henry, in an outburst of anger, accused Simon of seducing his sister and forcing him to give her to Simon to avoid a scandal. When confronted by the Barons about the secret marriage that Henry had allowed to happen, a feud developed between the two.   Henry became embroiled in funding a war in Sicily on behalf of the Pope in return for a title for his second son Edmund.  This situation made many barons fearful that Henry was following in the footsteps of his father, King John, and needed to be kept in check. De Montfort became leader of those who wanted to force the king to surrender more power to the baronial council. In 1258, seven leading barons forced Henry to give power to a council of fifteen barons to deal with the business of government.   In the following years, those supporting de Montfort and those supporting the king began to raise armies. The Royalists were led by Prince Edward, Henry's eldest son. Civil war, known as the Second Barons' War, followed.   (Below) The Lower Innerpart of Tangier and York Castle       The charismatic de Montfort captured most of southeastern England by 1263, and Henry was defeated and taken prisoner by de Montfort's army. Henry and Edward were under house arrest and Henry was reduced to being a figurehead king.  The short period that followed was the closest England was to come to complete abolition of the monarchy [until the Commonwealth period of 1649–1660] and many of the barons who had initially supported de Montfort began to suspect that he had gone too far.   Fifteen months later Prince Edward escaped captivity and lead the royalists into battle again.  He turned the tables on de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Following this victory, savage retribution was exacted on the rebels.       Children of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence Name Birth Date Death Date Spouse Edward I King of England 17 Jun 1239 7 July 1307 (1) Eleanor of Castile (1) Marguerite of France Margaret Queen of Scots 29 Sep 1240 26 Feb 1275 King Alexander III of Scotland Beatrice Duchess of Brittany 25 June 1242 24 Mar 1275 John II Duke of Brittany Edmund "Crouchback" 1st Earl of Leicester/Lancaster 16 Jan 1245 05 Jun 1296 (1) Lady Aveline de Forz (2) Blanche of Artois Katharine 25 Nov 1253 03 May 1257       Henry's reign ended when he died in 1272, after which he was succeeded by his son, Edward I. His body was laid, temporarily, in the tomb of Edward the Confessor while his own sarcophagus was constructed in Westminster Abbey.   (Below) The tomb of King Henry III in Westminster Abbey, London           SOURCES:   Charlemagne's Descendants to George Washington http://www.kareldegrote.nl/charlemagne/George_Washington.htm   Margaret Butler & Sir Lawrence Washington to King Edward I of England http://www.thepeerage.com/p17991.htm#i179904   ROYAL DESCENT The Lanier Family Connection to the Washington Family The Connection to King Edward I of England http://jimserver.net/genealogy/royal_desc.html   The Ancestry of George Washington Sons of Liberty Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution http://www.revolutionarywararchives.org/washancestry.html   Polish History, Heraldry and Genealogy The Lineage of George Washington http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/lineageGW.html   Sampson LANIER & Elizabeth WASHINGTON http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asbellm/genealogy/fam01284.htm   King Edward I, King Henry III, King John http://en.wikipedia.org         If you have photos or additional information, please contact me.