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Henry II
Born: 05 March 1133 , Le Mans, France
Died: 06 July 1189
Father: Geoffrey of Anjou
Mother: Empress Matilda
Spouse: Eleanor of Aquitaine
Reign: 25 October 1154 – 6 July 1189
Predecessor: Stephen "of Blois"
Successor: Richard I "the Lionheart"
Royal House: House of PlantagenetHenry II was born 05 March 1133 in Le Mans, France. He was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Adlaide/Mathilde. Henry, called "Curtmantle", ruled as King of England (1154–1189), Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. Henry was the first of the House of Plantagenet to rule England and was the great-grandson of William the Conqueror.
Henry's father, Geoffrey V of Anjou (Geoffrey Plantagenet, was Count of Anjou and Count of Maine. His mother, Empress Matilda, was a claimant to the English throne as the daughter of Henry I (1100–1135), son of William, Duke of Normandy. He spent his childhood in his father's land of Anjou. At the age of nine, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester took Henry to England where he received education at Bristol.
On 18 May 1152, at Bordeaux Cathedral, at the age of 19, Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine. The wedding was "without the pomp or ceremony that befitted their rank," partly because only two months previously Eleanor's marriage to Louis VII of France had been annulled. Their relationship, always stormy, eventually died. After Eleanor encouraged her children to rebel against their father in 1173, Henry had her placed under house arrest, where she remained for fifteen years.
Henry and Eleanor had eight children, William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan. William died in infancy. As a result Henry was crowned as joint king when he came of age. However, because he was never King in his own right, he is known as "Henry the Young King", not Henry III. In theory, Henry would have inherited the throne from his father, Richard his mother's possessions, Geoffrey would have Brittany and John would be Lord of Ireland. However, fate would ultimately decide much differently.
Children of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine
Name Birth Date Death Date Spouse William
Count of Poitiers17 August 1153 April 1156
(Age 2)Henry
the Young King28 February 1155 11 June 1183
(Age 28)Marguerite of France Richard I
"the Lionheart"8 September 1157 6 April 1199
(Age 41)Berengaria of Navarre Geoffrey
Duke of Brittany23 September 1158 19 August 118
(Age 27)Constance Matilda
Duchess of Saxony1156 13 July 1189
(Age 33)Henry the Lion Leonora
Queen of Castile13 October 1162 31 October 1214
(Age 52)Alfonso VIII Joan
Queen of SicilyOctober 1165 4 September 1199
(Age 33)(1) William II of Sicily
(2) Raymond VI of ToulouseJohn
"Lackland"24 December 1166 18/19 October 1216
(Age 49)Isabella of Angoulême Henry also had illegitimate children. While they were not valid claimants, their Royal blood made them potential problems for Henry's legitimate successors. William de Longespee was one such child. He remained largely loyal and was contented with the lands and wealth afforded to him as a bastard. Geoffrey, Bishop of Lincoln &, Archbishop of York, on the other hand, was seen as a possible thorn in the side of Richard I of England. Geoffrey had been the only son to attend Henry II on his deathbed, after even the King's favorite, John Lackland, deserted him. Richard forced him into the clergy at York, thus ending his secular ambitions. Another son, Morgan was elected to the Bishopric of Durham, although he was never consecrated due to opposition from Pope Innocent III.
King Henry had a curious painting in a chamber of Winchester Castle, depicting an eagle being attacked by three of its chicks, while a fourth chick crouched, waiting for its chance to strike. When asked the meaning of this picture, King Henry said: “The four young ones of the eagle are my four sons, who will not cease persecuting me even unto death. And the youngest, whom I now embrace with such tender affection, will someday afflict me more grievously and perilously than all the others.”
Concerning Henry's appearance, sources recorded that he was very strong, energetic and surpassed his peers athletically. He was strongly built, with a large, freckle fiery face and red hair cut short. His eyes were grey and we are told that his voice was harsh and cracked, possibly because of the amount of open-air exercise he took. He would walk or ride until his attendants and courtiers were worn out and his feet and legs were covered with blistered and sores. He would perform all athletic feats.
Like his grandfather, Henry I of England, Henry II had an outstanding knowledge of the law. A talented linguist and excellent Latin speaker, he would sit on councils in person whenever possible. His interest in the economy was reflected in his own frugal lifestyle. He dressed casually except when tradition dictated otherwise and ate a sparing diet.
He was modest and mixed with all classes easily. "He does not take upon himself to think high thoughts, his tongue never swells with elated language; he does not magnify himself as more than man." His generosity was well-known and he employed a Templar to distribute one tenth of all the food bought to the royal court amongst his poorest subjects.
Henry also had a good sense of humor and was never upset at being the butt of the joke. Once while he sat sulking and occupying himself with needlework, a courtier suggested that he looked like a tanner's daughter. The King rocked with laughter and even explained the joke to those who did not immediately grasp it.
"His memory was exceptional: he never failed to recognize a man he had once seen, nor to remember anything which might be of use. More deeply learned than any King of his time in the western world".Henry worked to make the legal system fairer. Trial by ordeal and trial by combat were still common and even in the 12th century these methods were outdated. Henry created a system called the Assize of Clarendon, in 1166, a precursor to trial by jury, that became the standard. Trial by combat was still legal in England until 1819, but Henry's support of juries was a great contribution to the country's social history.
In 1173, Young Henry and Richard moved against their father, trying to secure the lands they were promised. The King's changing and revising of his inheritance promises nurtured jealousy in his offspring, which turned to aggression. While both Young Henry and Richard were relatively strong in France, they still lacked the manpower and experience to trouble their father unduly. The King crushed this first rebellion and was fair in his punishment. Richard lost half of the revenue allowed to him as Count of Poitou.
There has been a castle of one kind or another on the site of Kenilworth for well over a thousand years.
Henry II took control of Kenilworth Castle during the rebellion of 1173-1174 and worked to improve its defenses.
Standing high on a basalt outcrop, overlooking the North Sea, Bamburgh Castle is one of the most impressive looking castles in England. Bamburg has a history of occupation dating back to the 1st century BC. One of the oldest buildings remaining is a large Norman Keep, built by Henry II.
In 1182, the Plantagenet children's aggression turned inward. Young Henry, Richard and their brother Geoffrey all began fighting each other for their father's possessions on the continent. This was the most serious threat to come from within the family yet, and the King faced the dynastic tragedy of civil war. On 11 June 1183, however, Henry the Young King died. The uprising, which had been built around the Prince, promptly collapsed and the remaining brothers returned to their individual lands.
The final battle between Henry's Princes came in 1184. Geoffrey of Brittany and John of Ireland, the youngest brothers, had been promised Aquitaine, which belonged to elder brother Richard. Geoffrey and John invaded, but Richard had been controlling an army for almost 10 years and was an accomplished military commander. Richard expelled his fickle brothers and they would never again face each other in combat, largely because Geoffrey died two years later, leaving only Richard and John.The final thorn in Henry's side would be an alliance between his eldest son, Richard, and his greatest rival, Philip Augustus. John had become Henry's favorite son and Richard had begun to fear he was being written out of the King's inheritance. In summer 1189, Richard and Philip invaded Henry's heartland of power, Anjou. The unlikely allies took northwest Touraine, attacked Le Mans and overran Maine and Tours. Defeated, Henry II met his opponents and agreed to all their demands, including paying homage to Philip for all his French possessions.
Weak, ill and deserted by all but an illegitimate son, Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, Henry died at Chinon on 6 July 1189. His legitimate children, chroniclers record him saying, were "the real bastards." The victorious Prince Richard later paid his respects to Henry's corpse as it travelled to Fontevraud Abbey, upon which, according to Roger of Wendover, 'blood flowed from the nostrils of the deceased, as if...indignant at the presence of the one who was believed to have caused his death'.
Prince Richard, Henry's eldest surviving son and conqueror, was crowned "by the grace of God, King Richard I of England" at Westminster on 1 September 1189.
SOURCES:
Charlemagne's Descendants to George Washington
http://www.kareldegrote.nl/charlemagne/George_Washington.htmMargaret Butler & Sir Lawrence Washington
to King Edward I of England
http://www.thepeerage.com/p17991.htm#i179904ROYAL DESCENT
The Lanier Family Connection to the Washington Family
The Connection to King Edward I of England
http://jimserver.net/genealogy/royal_desc.htmlThe Ancestry of George Washington
Sons of Liberty Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution
http://www.revolutionarywararchives.org/washancestry.htmlPolish History, Heraldry and Genealogy
The Lineage of George Washington
http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/lineageGW.htmlSampson LANIER & Elizabeth WASHINGTON
http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asbellm/genealogy/fam01284.htmKing Edward I, King Henry III, King John
http://en.wikipedia.orgIf you have photos or additional information, please contact me.
